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Digital Citizenship in Primary Education: Project-Based Learning for Developing 21st Century Skills
Abstract
This action research investigates the impact of project-based learning (PBL) on the development of digital citizenship and 21st-century skills among 8–9-year-old Greek primary students. Grounded in the DigComp 2.1 framework and the 4Cs (collaboration, communication, critical thinking, and creativity), the study explored how ICT lessons could foster responsible, engaged, and digitally literate learners. Pre- and post-intervention questionnaires, the researcher's diary, and classroom observation were used. Findings indicate a significant improvement in students' awareness of digital safety, respectful online behavior, and ethical use of technology. Group activities such as poster creation and digital storytelling enhanced collaboration and creativity, while role-based teamwork improved critical thinking, communication, and social skills. Gender disparities observed prior to the intervention were reduced by the end. The findings support the integration of inclusive, experiential, and reflective digital education practices in primary curricula. Supplementary materials (charts and student-produced content) are included to illustrate the outcomes.
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