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Introduction to Smart City Infrastructure Overview and Its Evolution From Web 2.0 to Web 3.0

Introduction to Smart City Infrastructure Overview and Its Evolution From Web 2.0 to Web 3.0
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Author(s): Usman Khalil (Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei), Mueen Uddin (University of Doha for Science and Technology, Qatar)and Owais Ahmed Malik (Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei)
Copyright: 2026
Pages: 36
Source title: Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) in Smart Cities: Advancements and Security Challenges
Source Author(s)/Editor(s): Usman Khalil (School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darusalam, Brunei), Mueen Uddin (College of Computing and IT, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Qatar), Owais Ahmed Malik (School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darusalam, Brunei)and Abdulhalim Dandoush (College of Computing and IT, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Qatar)
DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-8876-1.ch001

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Abstract

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of smart cities, tracing their roots from the Web2.0 era to the emerging Web3.0 ecosystem. It delves into the historical development of IoT-enabled smart devices and the enabling communication technologies that underpin their functionality. The chapter explores the layered architecture of smart cities, comprising application, transmission, and sensing layers, and identifies the associated security challenges at each level. A particular focus is placed on IoT-enabled smart device authentication, examining the state-of-the-art authentication models, including single-factor, two-factor, and multi-factor authentication. The chapter delves into the specifics of multi-factor authentication, discussing biometrics, token-based, certificate-based, hardware security module, and trusted platform module approaches. By understanding these concepts, readers will gain insights into the intricate workings of smart cities and the critical role of security in ensuring their resilience and reliability.

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