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Decentralization Principles of Blockchain and BC Tokenization (NFTs) in the Era of Smart Cities
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Author(s): Usman Khalil (Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei)and Owais Ahmed Malilk (Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei)
Copyright: 2026
Pages: 24
Source title:
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) in Smart Cities: Advancements and Security Challenges
Source Author(s)/Editor(s): Usman Khalil (School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darusalam, Brunei), Mueen Uddin (College of Computing and IT, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Qatar), Owais Ahmed Malik (School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darusalam, Brunei)and Abdulhalim Dandoush (College of Computing and IT, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Qatar)
DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-8876-1.ch002
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Abstract
This chapter delves into the fundamental concepts of distributed and non-distributed systems, laying the groundwork for understanding the intricacies of blockchain technology. A comprehensive overview of public, private, and hybrid blockchain networks is provided, highlighting their unique characteristics and applications. The chapter explores the concept of blockchain tokenization, with a particular focus on non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and their potential to revolutionize security, authentication, and asset digitization. A critical analysis of the challenges and future directions of blockchain technology is presented, followed by an examination of existing NFT-based CPS authentication mechanisms and gaps within the Web2 & Web3 architectures. The chapter concludes with a comparative literature review of NFT-enabled solutions for the cyber-physical environment, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
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