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The Effects of Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy, and Globalization on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: European Country Experiences
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Author(s): Nuno Carlos Leitão (Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Portugal & CEFAGE, University of Évora, Portugal & CEsA, Lisbon University, Portugal)
Copyright: 2026
Pages: 36
Source title:
Corporate Climate Responsibility and Education: Leveraging Green Fiscal Measures
Source Author(s)/Editor(s): Ana Dinis (Research Centre on Accounting and Taxation, Polytechnic University of Cávado and Ave, Portugal), Fátima David (Research Centre on Accounting and Taxation, Polytechnic University of Cávado and Ave, Portugal), Liliana Pereira (Research Centre on Accounting and Taxation, Polytechnic University of Cávado and Ave, Portugal)and Sara Luís Dias (Polytechnic University of Cávado and Ave, Portugal)
DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3373-1937-7.ch005
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Abstract
This chapter aims to study the impacts of environmental taxes, renewable energy, economic growth, and the globalization index on carbon dioxide emissions in European Union countries. In this context, we present a literature review that evaluates these various connections. In terms of methods, we seek to use panel data (e.g., Fixed Effects and Random Effects), the cointegration panel (FMOLS), Quantile Regressions, Panel Corrected Stand Errors method, and the GMM-System estimator from 1995-2020. The study also intends to assess the unit root and cointegration tests on the variables used in econometric research. The data will be collected from the World Bank, IMF, OECD, and KOF Swiss Economic Institute. Regarding hypotheses and econometric results, empirical studies demonstrate that the globalization of the economy and economic growth can increase carbon dioxide emissions. When it comes to environmental taxes and renewable energy, they contribute to improving the environment.
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