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The Effects of Micromobility on Public Transportation Systems
Abstract
This study explores the integration potential of micromobility (e-scooters and e-bikes) within public transport systems, focusing on the first- and last-mile challenge in urban mobility. Based on a 2025 survey of 501 users in İzmir's Bornova district shows that 92.8% access stops on foot, typically within 4-10 minutes and 500-1,000 meters. Although micromobility use is limited, 58% of respondents would consider it under better conditions. Main barriers include adverse weather, long distances, limited coverage, high costs, and safety concerns. The preferred range for micromobility is 1-5 km, indicating strong potential for medium-distance connections. Statistical analyses reveal significant relationships between micromobility adoption and access variables (mode, distance, time, and waiting; p> 0.01). Policy recommendations emphasize integrated fare systems, safe lanes, wider coverage, and strategic station placement within 500-750 meters of transit stops. Overall, micromobility can complement public transport sustainably by improving accessibility and supporting urban mobility.
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