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International Conflict: Post-Cold War Swedish Neutrality Questioned
Abstract
The undeclared war by Russia on Ukraine has had wide-ranging implications for European security. The security architecture, thought to be unchangeable, has shifted dramatically. Threat perceptions across Europe, generally and specifically in Scandinavia, have transformed. Whereas neutral countries such as Finland and Sweden had steadfastly held the political view that they would refrain from peacetime military alliances, Russia's aggression in Europe forced them to reevaluate and recalculate their military security, forcing them to reinvestigate the best path forward to maintaining their territorial integrity. Since the Napoleonic Wars, Sweden had remained neutral, which allowed it to avoid the damage of the 20th-century wars. However, after the Cold War, it abandoned its official neutrality for the more flexible “non-alignment.” The common perspective on Russia led Sweden and NATO to move closer, especially after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 and its invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
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