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Income Inequality and Environmental Protection Expenditures Nexus Bootstrap Panel Rolling Window Causality Analysis
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Author(s): Nazlı Keyifli Sentürk (İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, Turkey), Suat Hayri Sentürk (Gumushane University, Turkey & Ege University, Turkey)and Birol Karakurt (Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey)
Copyright: 2026
Pages: 20
Source title:
Designing Effective Public Policies to Address Global Warming
Source Author(s)/Editor(s): Ömer Uğur (Gumushane University, Turkey)and Kadir Caner Doğan (Gumushane University, Turkey)
DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3373-1310-8.ch010
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Abstract
The relationship between environmental protection expenditures and income inequality is undoubtedly a critical issue in terms of social justice and sustainable development. In societies with high income inequality, environmental protection expenditures are generally lower. This is because low-income individuals tend to have less motivation to develop awareness of environmental issues or to support environmental protection policies. On the other hand, in societies where income is more equitably distributed, environmental protection expenditures tend to increase. A key factor behind this is that a larger segment of society views environmental sustainability as a public good and a necessary component of inclusive economic development, thereby generating collective demand in this direction. In this study, the relationship between income inequality and environmental protection expenditures in eight OECD countries was investigated using the Bootstrap Panel Rolling Window causality test.
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