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Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Monitoring, Detection, and Public Health Risks
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in food is a growing global concern due to its significant implications for public health and food security. Exposure poses substantial health risks through acute and chronic toxicity, organ-specific effects, and associations with severe health conditions, particularly affecting vulnerable populations. This chapter examines the sources, pathways, and prevalence of toxic metals, including arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium, in food systems, with a focus on both natural and anthropogenic contributions. It examines how these metals accumulate in the food chain and outlines their acute and chronic health impacts, particularly among vulnerable populations. The chapter provides an in-depth review of international regulatory standards, dietary risk assessments, and current analytical methodologies, including atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and portable detection systems. It also presents global monitoring strategies, case studies, and real-world surveillance data that highlight regional disparities and emerging challenges. Innovative approaches such as green chemistry, nanotechnology, and AI-driven tools are discussed as part of future directions. By integrating insights from environmental science, analytical chemistry, toxicology, and public health policy, this chapter provides a comprehensive perspective on the detection, measurement, and mitigation of heavy metals in food, thereby contributing to the development of safer and more resilient food systems worldwide.
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