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Climate-Responsive Maternal Care: Heat, Equity, and Maternal Care Systems
Abstract
Extreme heat is an emerging threat to maternal health, particularly for pregnant and lactating people whose physiological changes heighten vulnerability to heat-related complications. Risks are intensified by structural inequities that shape exposure, access to cooling, and timely care. Evidence linking heat to adverse maternal outcomes is growing, yet responses remain fragmented across climate science, maternal health, and health-system planning. This paper presents the Climate-Responsive Maternal Care (CRMC) Framework, which links environmental exposure, maternal physiology, social determinants, health-system responsiveness, and mitigation. The framework clarifies how intersecting vulnerabilities shape risk during extreme heat, defines responsibilities of healthcare organizations, and identifies pathways through which heat affects maternal populations. It highlights intervention points across levels of care and proposes indicators to guide implementation, evaluation, and climate-resilient maternal care. Further research should test the framework in diverse health systems.
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