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The Evolution of Global Trade in the 21st Century

The Evolution of Global Trade in the 21st Century
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Author(s): Renata Thiébaut (AI Global Exchange Forum, Canada)
Copyright: 2026
Pages: 14
Source title: Geopolitical and Economic Consequences of Trade Policies and Tariffs
Source Author(s)/Editor(s): Renata Thiébaut (AI Global Exchange Forum, Canada)and Marc Selgas-Cors (Universitat de Barcelona, Spain)
DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3373-3835-4.ch001

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Abstract

The trade war initiated by Donald J. Trump against China during his first term has taken on a global character in 2025. While the main goal was to decrease trade deficits, his administration sought to increase industrialization in the country by promoting American-first protagonism. This book chapter's primary objective is to understand the main reasons that led to the ongoing trade war, as well as to examine the growing challenges to the legitimacy of the WTO and existing international trade rules, which are founded on the core principles of non-discrimination, National Treatment, and fairness. Finally, it examines the increasing significance of new international actions in global trade like the BRICS+, not only to comprehend its key aspects of trade wars but also to lay the groundwork for future discussions, such as new compliance mechanisms, and WTO reform.

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