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Design and Optimisation of Metal-Air Batteries: A Critical Review of Mechanisms and Performance
Abstract
Metal-air batteries (Li-air, Zn-air, Na-air, and Al-air) represent a promising alternative for energy storage due to their high energy density and potential for sustainable applications. However, their performance is severely limited by challenges associated with metallic anodes, including corrosion, passivation, and uncontrolled hydrogen evolution, which reduce cycle life and faradaic efficiency. This critical review examines the electrochemical mechanisms associated with metallic anodes in metal-air batteries, comparing the performance of Li-air systems (3500 Wh/kg), Zn-air (300 cycle), Na-air (1000 Wh/kg), and Al-air (2790 Wh/kg). Recent solutions, such as the use of alloyed anodes, surface modifications, and the incorporation of inhibitor additives in alkaline electrolytes, have significantly improved the performance and durability of metal-air batteries. The findings from this analysis highlight recent advancements and persistent challenges in the optimisation of metallic anodes, paving the way for more efficient and durable metal-air batteries for large-scale applications.
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