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China's Critical Mineral and EV Exports to the U.S. and Brazil: Geopolitical and Economic Implications Amid Rising Tariffs
Abstract
This chapter analyzes the geopolitical and economic implications of China's critical mineral and electric vehicle (EV) exports to the United States and Brazil amidst rising tariffs. Critical minerals are essential for the global green energy transition, particularly for EV batteries and renewable energy infrastructure. China has become the dominant force across the entire critical minerals supply chain, from raw material extraction to high-tech component manufacturing, and is the world's largest exporter of EVs. The U.S. has imposed substantial tariffs on Chinese imports. Brazil, with its significant critical mineral reserves, has adopted a phased import tax system for EVs. The intensifying competition for critical minerals, exacerbated by the U.S.-China trade war, presents a “Green Paradox,” where the pursuit of clean energy risks environmental degradation. Ultimately, unilateral trade measures are insufficient to address supply chain vulnerabilities and environmental costs, underscoring the necessity for multilateral cooperation.
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