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Can Power Override Justice?: Examining the Challenges to China's South China Sea Expansionism
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Author(s): Hoa Le Quynh Phan (Dong A University, Vietnam)and Phuc Quang Pham (University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam)
Copyright: 2026
Pages: 24
Source title:
Emerging Maritime Security Strategies of Global Powers
Source Author(s)/Editor(s): Kiet Hoang Le (University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam)and Hiep Xuan Tran (University of Science and Education, The University of Da Nang, Vietnam)
DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3373-4470-6.ch009
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Abstract
This chapter systematically analyzes multidimensional challenges confronting China's South China Sea strategy through realism international relations theory. Despite substantial territorial gains via grey-zone tactics and island militarization, China's strategy encounters formidable resistance across five dimensions: determined ASEAN opposition employing collective balancing, intensified US-led containment through alliance consolidation, inherent PLA limitations in combat experience and expeditionary logistics, escalating inadvertent conflict risks, and legitimacy deficits following the 2016 PCA ruling. While offensive realism explains China's expansionist motivations, defensive realist dynamics—particularly balance of power and security dilemma mechanisms—impose structural constraints on Beijing's ambitions. Findings reveal that material superiority alone cannot guarantee strategic success against coordinated multilateral resistance anchored in international legal frameworks, offering critical insights for Asia-Pacific regional stability and conflict prevention.
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