Development and Validation of Open Distance e-Learning Student Engagement Scale (ODeL-SES)

Author(s): Adeboye Michael Fatunbi (Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria), Emmanuel Oluwajare Adewale (University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Oladayo Ayobami Taiwo (Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria), Michael Olabisi (University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Sunday Peter Falowo (Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria)and Yussuf Opeyemi Olaotan (University of Ibadan, Nigeria)
Copyright: 2026
Pages: 36
EISBN13: 9798260021552

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Abstract

Open Distance e-Learning (ODeL) is expanding rapidly, making student engagement a central concern for persistence, performance, and satisfaction. However, existing scales often overlook the unique realities of Nigerian ODeL, which includes 32 distance learning institutions. This study developed and validated the Open Distance e-Learning Student Engagement Scale (ODeL-SES), tailored to the University of Ibadan Distance Learning Centre (UI-DLC). Guided by a multidimensional model of engagement, 29 items were initially generated with input from facilitators and e-tutors. A pilot electronic survey of 102 students underwent exploratory factor analysis and content validation. Findings supported a three-factor structure: behavioural, emotional, and cognitive engagement, with Cronbach alpha values between 0.78 and 0.85, indicating strong reliability. Expert review confirmed content validity (0.96), resulting in 21 refined items. The ODeL-SES provides a reliable, context-sensitive tool to assess engagement, inform policy, and strengthen quality assurance across Nigeria's growing ODeL sector.

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Development and Validation of Open Distance e-Learning Student Engagement Scale (ODeL-SES)

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