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Russia: Key Bridge for China-Europe Cooperation
Abstract
This chapter analyzes the evolution of China–Russia relations into a resilient, strategically driven partnership anchored in trade and sectoral cooperation. It shows how Russia's resource endowment, market potential, and Eurasian position make it a pivotal energy supplier and connectivity hub for China, while China has become Russia's largest trading partner and a major source of technology, goods, and limited capital. At the same time, Western sanctions, fragile financial channels, modest and imbalanced investment, and recurring environmental and social licence disputes—exemplified by projects like Lake Baikal—constrain deeper integration. The study argues that the partnership's long-term sustainability will depend on building more reliable settlement systems, enforcing shared environmental standards, and expanding people-to-people exchanges, even as both sides seek new cooperation in infrastructure, agriculture, clean energy, and emerging fields such as artificial intelligence.
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