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Rethinking the Asymmetric Dynamics of India-Pakistan Relations: A Theoretical Perspective
Abstract
India and Pakistan became independent countries in 1947 as part of South Asia's decolonization. They have been engaged in a long-lasting rivalry since their inception. Kashmir has been a point of friction and an unfinished issue. Pakistan calls it its “jugular vein,” while India refers to it as an “integral part.” Their relationship has always been rocky, marked by enemy formation, identity issues, mistrust, and resentful memories. They fought three major wars and one minor battle in Kargil in 1999, despite the power imbalance between the two in economic, military, landmass, and population terms. Pokhran I led to the nuclearization of the region and an ongoing missile and nuclear arms race. Their enduring rivalry affects not only their relations but the entire region. This chapter focuses on the following questions: Why do India and Pakistan maintain an enduring rivalry? How do power politics, national identity, and historical grievances shape their relationship? What are the fundamental issues driving their conflict? Why have they struggled to manage and resolve their disputes?
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