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Myanmar: China's Strategic Gateway to the Indian Ocean
Abstract
This case study analyzes Myanmar's role as China's strategic gateway to the Indian Ocean within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It examines how energy security, infrastructure connectivity, and development cooperation intersect through the China–Myanmar Economic Corridor, focusing on trade, investment, the oil and gas pipelines, and the Opium Replacement Program. The study highlights contributions to poverty reduction, agricultural modernization, and clean energy, alongside extensive people-to-people, cultural, educational, and media exchanges that support a “community with a shared future.” It also assesses key challenges, including post-2021 political instability, weak governance, land disputes, environmental and social controversies, and competing geopolitical narratives. The study concludes that the sustainability of China–Myanmar cooperation depends less on project scale than on transparent governance, robust safeguards, and locally accepted benefit-sharing.
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