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CO2 Emission Calculations in Shipping for Sustainable Ship Design, Construction, and Operation: Assessing Strategies and Regulatory Tools for Low-Carbon Maritime Innovation
Abstract
Global trade considerably depends on maritime transportation, yet these activities generate substantial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, raising critical concerns among policymakers about climate change. In response, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented stringent regulatory measures towards the construction of energy-efficient ships and operations to reduce carbon emissions from both new and existing vessels. This chapter explores key IMO approaches, including the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI), the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP), the Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI), and the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII). The study performs a quantitative analysis of GHG emissions for real ships to validate IMO's emission targets. This chapter highlights the importance of integrating sustainable design principles and operational strategies to mitigate unsustainable practices in shipbuilding and maritime operations, paving the way for environmentally responsible shipping.
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