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A Review of Electron Microscopy Studies of the Brain in Schizophrenia: In Search of Nanotoxicology From Air Pollution
Abstract
In previous work, the author demonstrated that two-thirds of the miRNA expressions associated with asbestos exposure in mesothelioma, especially the oncogenic miRNAs, are similarly expressed in schizophrenia brain tissue. No epidemiological evidence links schizophrenia to asbestos, a naturally occurring material often small enough to qualify as a nanoparticle (NP). This review investigated whether any microscopic study of brain tissue in schizophrenia observed inflammatory NPs of any chemical composition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy is the accepted method for identifying the smallest NPs. However, the review found that no TEM study has used sufficient methods to identify NPs in schizophrenia brain tissue. The review also shows that schizophrenia risk is associated with urban air pollution and neuroinflammation and that NPs in urban air pollution can cause neuroinflammation. Research in this unexplored area of schizophrenia neuropathology may reveal new environmental exposures that might cause schizophrenia.
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