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Rethinking Citizen Participation in the Implementation of Environmental Projects: Toward a Unified Conceptual Understanding
Abstract
This chapter proposes a clearer and more holistic framework for understanding citizen engagement not only in decision-making but also in the implementation of environmental initiatives. Through a structured conceptual review of key theories, typologies, and related concepts, we highlight the overlooked role of citizens during the implementation phase, where authority-led action often dominates. We examine how this gap undermines inclusive governance and explore how implementation fits within the broader environmental project lifecycle. The chapter also analyzes related constructs such as co-production, co-design, co-creation and involvement clarifying their complementary roles in participatory implementation. Drawing from previous research, we underscore how sustained engagement fosters community ownership and long-term change. The integrative framework we propose refines the understanding of citizens' participation across project phases, advocating for a more inclusive and precise conceptualization to enhance future research and governance effectiveness.
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